The spread of soccer across the world has brought together people from diverse cultures to celebrate a common passion for the game, but has also created a global audience trend. Holyganism. The high emotions that sometimes escalate to violence on and off the field have always been part of the game, but fans’ concerns about violence and holiganism have been intensified since the 1960s. While the early focus of this concern was British fans, the development of anti-Holligan architecture on soccer fields around the world shows the international scope of the issue. Latin American stadiums are built with moats and high fences. Many European sites now have no alcohol banned and no longer offer sections for fans to stand. The “terrace” which charged a lower admission fee than ticket seats was a traditional flashpoint for fan violence.
Some of the first modern hooligan groups were found in Scotland has created religious sectarianism among the supporters of two Glasgow teams. The Rangers were primarily Protestant Unionists, whose fans were primarily attracted to the city’s considerable Irish Catholic community. During the World War, the “Razer Gang” fought street battles when these two clubs met. However, since the late 1960s, English fan-furiganism has been even more infamous, especially when British supporters followed teams overseas. The lowest level of fan violence came in the mid-1980s. In the 1985 European Cup final between Liverpool and Italian club Juventus Highsell Stadium Brussels, 39 fans (38 Italians, Belgians) have passed away and more than 400 have been injured. In response, English clubs were banned from European competition until 1990, but by then, Furiganism had been established in many other European countries. By the turn of the 21st century, self-identifying hooligans could be found among supporters in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Scotland. Elsewhere, extremist fans included Ultra in Italy and southern France, and various Hinchadas in Spain and Latin America, with the level of violence varied from club to club. Argentina has probably experienced the worst outcomes, with 148 deaths from violent incidents that often involve security forces between 1939 and 2003.
There are many causes of football holiganism, and they vary according to political and cultural contexts. High levels of alcohol consumption can exaggerate supporter emotions and affect aggression, but this is a holiganism single, given that many heavily drunk fans behave socially instead. But it is not the most important cause either. In Northern Europe, fan violence has gained an increasingly subcultural aspect. In major tournaments, self-identifying hooligans may be able to chase unique peers among opposingers to engage in violence. The most successful combatants will earn status within the Hooligan Group’s subcultural network. Research in the UK suggests that these groups are welcomed not from the poorest members of society, but from more positive working and middle class backgrounds, usually depending on the characteristics of the region. I’m doing it. In southern Europe, particularly Italy, spectator violence can reflect deep-seated cultural competition and tensions, particularly between neighboring cities, or across north and south disparities. In Latin America, fan violence has been understood in relation to the contemporary politics of dictatorships and the oppressive state methods of social control. Furthermore, the surge in violence in Argentina since the late 1990s is explained in accordance with a serious decline in the national economy and political system.
In some circumstances, football holiganism forced politicians and judicialists. In the UK, conservative governments in the 1980s targeted lawful football hooligans, and subsequent labor administrations announced further measures to control the behavior of spectators within the stadium. In Argentina, soccer matches were temporarily suspended by courts in 1999 in order to stop violence. Football authorities also recognize fan violence as a major obstacle to the game’s economic and social health. In the UK, attempts to reduce Holiganism include creating all-sitting stadiums and family-only stands. These measures helped attract new, wealthy audiences, but critics argue that the new policies reduced the colour and atmosphere on the football field. A more liberal anti-Holligan strategy encourages dialogue with supporters. “Fan Project” run by Germany, the Netherlands and local governments Sweden is the most powerful illustration of this approach.
Still, the main threat to audience safety is not fighting among supporters, but rather a tendency to involve a mix of factors such as game play, dangerous facilities, and disorderly crowd reactions such as poor crowd control techniques. there is. In developing countries, crowd stamps have caused many disasters, including the 2001 deaths of 126 people in Ghana. Police try to suppress the disorderly crowd. It can exacerbate the danger, as 318 people died in Peru in 1964, and in Zimbabwe. 13 died in 2000. When crushed in a football field in 1989, a disastrous crowd management strategy and facility that some have characterized as inhumane, underlying the tragedy of Hillsboro Stadium in Sheffield, England. 96 people were fatally injured.
But it would be quite wrong to portray the majority of football fans as inherently violent or xenophobic. Since the 1980s, organized supporters groups have, together with football authorities and players, both local and international campaigns against in-game racism and (but not so much) sexism. Football supporters with the most positive and sociable reputation, following the national side of Denmark, Ireland and Brazil, rarely seek outside support and are trying to engage in self-polic within their ranks. Masu. As part of their fair play campaign, international football organizations introduced awards to the most acted supporters in major tournaments. In more difficult situations, British fan organizations such as the Football Supporters Federation have been able to plan meetings with local police officers and introduce “fan embassies” to visit supporters, allowing them to He tried to improve his fellow brothers’ behavior during the match. Throughout Europe, international fan networks have grown to combat racism, which is also reflected in some Holiganism. More generally, since the mid-1980s, the production of fanzines (fan magazines) in the UK and other parts of Europe was due to the majority of soccer fans being passionate, critical, humorous and ) helped to promote the view that it is. Everything is violence. Such fanzines have been replenished by 21st century internet fan sites and in many ways.
Richard C. Julianotty
